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Article History

Received: 13 November 2025

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 30 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. According to the statement issued by the Ethics Committee for Research with Human Participation at the Academy of Medical and Social Applied Sciences in Elbląg, Poland, formal ethics committee approval was not required for this non-interventional online survey (letter dated 28 August 2024; no reference number issued). Participation was entirely voluntary and anonymous; no identifiable information was collected, and respondents could withdraw at any time prior to submission. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants before accessing the questionnaire, which included detailed information about the study’s purpose, confidentiality, and data protection. Accordingly, the study met the criteria for exemption from full ethical review under Polish and international research ethics standards. The committee statement is available from the corresponding author upon request. Consent to use the questionnaire was obtained via e-mail from the authors of both the original version (University of South Australia) and the Polish version (Medical University of Warsaw).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.