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Article History

Received: 30 September 2025

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 27 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ghana Health Service Ethical Review Committee with the reference number GHS-ERC:087/07/24. Additional authorization was granted by the Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (AAMUSTED) to ensure compliance with institutional research ethics. Permission to access the study sites was also obtained from the Ashanti Regional Health Directorate and the management of all the participating hospitals. Administrative permission was obtained from the management of each participating private health facility prior to data collection, as these facilities are not under the Ghana Health Service. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki [ ] which emphasize respect for persons, beneficence, and justice in human research. All data collected were kept confidential and used solely for academic and research purposes. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were informed of their right to withdraw at any point without repercussions. Written informed consent was obtained from every participant.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.