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Article History

Received: 23 November 2025

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 30 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of the Second hospital of Shandong University [No. KYLL-2022-566] according to The Chinese ethical Code of Statutes, the law concerning human life science and medical research (2019). This study was guided by the core ethical principles of the Belmont Report, conducted in accordance with the ethical practices outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and in full compliance with relevant Chinese laws and regulations concerning informed consent and confidentiality. Electronic or on-paper written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to any interviews, and the participants could refuse to answer any questions or withdraw from the study at any time. All recordings were kept under the principle of confidentiality and were used solely to address the aim of this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.