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Article History

Received: 6 May 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 5 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was conducted using secondary data from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS). According to Articles 38, 39, and 40 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, and Chapter I, Article 9 of the Statistics Law of the People’s Republic of China, the study was exempt from formal ethics committee review. Formal ethical approval was not required as per the national regulations, and no Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained. The data provider (Institute of Gerontology and National Survey Research Center at Renmin University of China) confirmed that data collection complied with national ethical guidelines.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Interviewers recorded participants’ consent status, including their agreement to participate, the time of consent, and reasons for refusal when applicable. Documentation of consent is stored at the Institute of Gerontology and National Survey Research Center, Renmin University of China. Additional consent was not required for secondary analysis.

: The study used secondary data and did not contain any identifiable individual data. Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.