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Article History

Received: 23 October 2025

Accepted: 27 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and national healthcare data security regulations. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all Delphi experts via the study’s web-based Shiny platform: experts first viewed the full informed consent form detailing the study purpose, procedures, privacy protection, and voluntary rights, then confirmed consent by checking the agreement box and clicking the “Confirm Consent” button (platform-recorded timestamps for traceability). Patient data extracted from the HAI-RTMS and the SHAIL were fully de-identified, with no inclusion of direct personal identifiers (e.g., patient names, gender) in the indicator calculation. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences (Approval No.: YXLL-2025–225).

: Not applicable.

: The funding sources had no role in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or writing of the manuscript. The authors declare no competing interests.