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Article History

Received: 25 November 2025

Accepted: 29 January 2026

First Online: 6 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Khoy University of Medical Sciences (Ethical Code: IR.KHOY.REC.1404.023), confirming that all study procedures adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national guidelines for research involving human participants. Before data collection, participants were thoroughly informed about the study’s purpose, methodology, duration, and potential benefits or risks. They were also informed of their right to decline or withdraw from participation at any stage without penalty. Written informed consent was obtained from all nursing internship students who voluntarily agreed to participate. All data were collected and recorded anonymously to ensure privacy, confidentiality, and ethical integrity. The participants’ identifying information was omitted from all datasets, and electronic data were securely stored with restricted access, limited to the principal investigator and authorized research personnel. Throughout all stages of the study, ethical standards were strictly followed, ensuring respect for autonomy, protection of personal information, and the voluntary nature of participation, thereby maintaining the highest level of research integrity and participant safety.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.