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Article History

Received: 14 October 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Written approval for the study was obtained from the Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University Non-interventional Scientific Research Ethics Committee (Date: 02/12/2022; Number: 2022/579) and the hospital administrators where the study was conducted (Date: 04/11/2022; Number: E.119927). Permission to use the Turkish versions of the scales was obtained from the authors via email. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. In addition, nurses were clearly informed about the purpose, scope, and were assured that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without any consequences. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the relevant ethics committee approval and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including personal details, images, or videos). It does not involve human participants, patient data, or identifiable personal information. Therefore, consent for publication is not required. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its submission and potential publication in BMC Nursing .

: The authors declare no competing interests.