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Authors
Zhao, Zhijiao
Xu, Xiaoning
Pang, Li
Min, Jiaqi
Wang, Lan
Wang, Yongfang
Hou, Xiumei
Liu, Pengfei
Ma, Qun
Guo, Ruihong
Shi, Zhongli
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shandong Province Medical and Health Science and Technology Project (202314050556)
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Accepted: 9 February 2026
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Daizhuang Hospital, Jining Municipal Health Commission (Ethics No. 202401KS-1) and performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This survey was completely anonymous and confidential. All nurses involved in the survey provided informed consent and participated voluntarily.
: Not applicable.
: We failed to secure permission from the copyright holder before using the JSE in our project. After contacting the copyright holder, scoring methods and use of the scale were verified and used without modification. Retrospective permission has been received from Thomas Jefferson University. Details of the retrospective permission are provided in Supplementary File .
: The authors declare no competing interests.
