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Article History

Received: 24 March 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Each method complied with the relevant rules and regulations of the Declaration of Helsinki (DoHOct2008). Nurse educators who agreed to participate in this study had obtained informed written consent. Ethical approval for data collection was obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Wuhan University Renmin Hospital (No. WDRY2021-K155).

: We guarantee that this manuscript is original, has not been published, and will not be submitted for publication elsewhere when it is under consideration by BMC Nursing. Furthermore, the study has not been divided into sections over time to increase the number of journal submissions.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.