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Article History

Received: 18 June 2025

Accepted: 10 March 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

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: All methodologies employed in this program were rigorously conducted in accordance with the Principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. According to the notice issued by the National Health Commission of China regarding the ethical review procedures for human life sciences and medical research [ ], continuous quality improvement projects do not fall under the scope of ethical review. These projects do not involve new technologies or new diagnostic and treatment standards, but are intended to help institutions provide medical services based on the best evidence (evidence summaries). The risk involved is lower than minimal risk; therefore, ethics approval was waived by the Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Although ethics approval was waived, we still obtained verbal informed consent from all patients and nurses involved, explaining the purpose and process of the project. Patients and nurses have the right to refuse participation.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.