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Article History

Received: 23 January 2026

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 28 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in line with the established ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki [39], with general principles focused on the participants’ health and interest, and acting as a guarantor for the respondents’ autonomy and integrity. The study was reviewed by the relevant ethical bodies in both Norway and Sweden. The Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Norway and the Swedish Ethical Review Authority reviewed the project, raised no ethical objections, and concluded that it did not fall within their remit under national legislation in each country; therefore, formal ethical approval was deemed unnecessary (ID 733476; Dnr 2025-00816-01). However, the Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research and the Research Ethics Committee at Karlstad University, Sweden both reviewed and approved the project (ID 349256; C2024/636). All participants received verbal and written information about the study and provided written informed consent.

: Participants provided written informed consent to publish anonymised material.

: Professionals, patients, and members of the public contributed to the study design through annual PPPI meetings, where the study aim, rationale, and methods were discussed. Their involvement ensured the study’s relevance to clinical practice and key stakeholders and helped minimise research waste.

: This research report is part of the PhD project DECIDE (Developing Expertise in Care and Informed Decision-making), which is included in the Nordic collaboration and the programmatic research platform Continuity for Quality of Care in Nursing (CARE) at Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Norway, and Karlstad University, Sweden. The DECIDE project employs a multi-method design focusing on nurses’ scope of practice (SoP), including their decision-making processes and the contextual modulators that influence them—primarily in the context of home-based care. The project uses functional ability and frailty among older people as clinical examples of conditions that contribute to complex care needs. DECIDE is being conducted between 2021 and 2026. Prior to submission, a GDPR-compliant version of ChatGPT was used to assist with readability, language refinement, and sentence structure. The tool was used solely during the writing process to optimize the final draft, including after revisions of the manuscript. On both occasions, the authors critically reviewed and edited all content to ensure that the AI’s contributions were limited to minor language improvements and did not affect the substance of the work. The authors take full responsibility for the content of the published article.

: The authors declare no competing interests.