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Authors
Bian, Xueling
Luan, Shunlian
Wu, Huanhuan
Zhang, Dandan
Gao, Ping
Chen, Xiaolin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong Province (202314010490)
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Article History
Received: 22 December 2025
Accepted: 31 March 2026
First Online: 11 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University (Approval Number: KYLL-365). This study strictly adhered to the ethical requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki and followed applicable national guidelines. All ICU nurses who participated in this survey signed an informed consent form. The consent form explicitly informed participants about the purpose and methodology of the study as well as the intended use of their data for ML research. All data were handled with strict confidentiality.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
