Document is current

Article History

Received: 14 November 2025

Accepted: 8 April 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This manuscript forms part of a PhD study conducted by the first author. Ethical approval was obtained from the North-West University Health Research Ethics Committee [HREC] (NWU-00038-24-A1), as well as from the Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee (GHS-ERC 005/07/24) for country-specific clearance. Other permissions received included those of the nurse managers and clinical coordinators of the selected hospitals. I addition, participation of both sets of participants was voluntary (nurses and patients who participated in the empirical phases and experts who participated in the validation step). The study adhered to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.

: This was facilitated through signing of an informed consent form. The participants and experts were informed that they could withdraw their consent at any time with no consequences.

: All authors proofread the study and agreed that it be submitted to BMC Nursing for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.