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Article History

Received: 13 January 2026

Accepted: 4 May 2026

First Online: 14 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Approval of this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi (IRB-3961/DUHS/Approval/2025/168 dated: 28th April 2025). Formal permission for data collection was granted by the Head of the Institutions to access the participants. The study was conducted in accordance with established ethical principles in nursing research and in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, including respect for autonomy, human dignity, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, informed consent, confidentiality, and protection of participants’ rights. Participation was voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Prior to participation, the primary investigator explained the objectives and purpose of the study to each participant.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.