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Authors
Cocchieri, Antonello https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7694-4986
D’Agostino, Fabio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4641-604X
Welton, John Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5467-1297
Nurchis, Mario Cesare https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9345-4292
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Damiani, Gianfranco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3028-6188
Cesare, Manuele https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2834-7594
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Article History
Received: 27 March 2026
Accepted: 20 May 2026
First Online: 25 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy (Protocol no. 0012915/24, ID 6752, approved on 16 May 2024). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practice principles, and applicable data protection regulations. Although the present study was retrospective and based on the secondary use of routinely collected administrative, clinical, and standardized nursing documentation data, study-specific informed consent was required by the Ethics Committee under the approved protocol. At hospital admission, patients provided consent for the processing of their personal data and for possible re-contact for research purposes, as documented in the institutional records. Subsequently, eligible participants were re-contacted and informed about the specific objectives of the study, the use of their data for research purposes, and their right to decline participation. Only patients who provided study-specific informed consent were included in the analytic dataset. Only de-identified data were made available to the research team for analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
