Document is current

Article History

Received: 20 January 2026

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 28 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the medical ethics committee of Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital (Jiangnan University Medical Center) (approval number: WXEY-2025-103). The committee granted a waiver of written/signed informed consent due to the observational nature of the study, use of anonymous electronic questionnaires, and minimal risk to participants. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants through an implied consent mechanism: the first page of the electronic questionnaire included a clear explanation of the study purpose, procedures, voluntary nature, risks (minimal), benefits, confidentiality measures, and the right to withdraw at any time without consequences. Completion and submission of the questionnaire constituted voluntary agreement to participate. All participants completed the questionnaires on the basis of informed consent, with no coercion involved. The study was conducted in strict accordance with the principles of confidentiality and anonymity. The study did not involve a clinical trial or any interventional procedures; thus, a clinical trial number is not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.