Document is current

Article History

Received: 12 February 2026

Accepted: 25 May 2026

First Online: 28 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. We received IRB approval for the parent study from three tertiary hospitals in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, including the Maternity and Child Hospital in Al-Ahsa [IRB No.31-EP-2023], King Fahad University Hospital in Khobar [IRB No.IRB-2023-04-094], and Al-Qatif Central Hospital [IRB No.QCH-SREC0 35/2023]. The current study represents a secondary analysis of de-identified data collected under these approved protocols. Permission to use the Arabic version of the instrument for this psychometric analysis was obtained and re-confirmed with original developer via email. Informed consent was obtained from all parents who participated in the study prior to its initiation. ID codes were assigned to each participant throughout the study to maintain anonymity of their personal information.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.