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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (RS-2025-00522306)
The Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project funded by National Research Foundation of Korea
The 2024 Improvement and Evaluation artificial intelligence-based algorithms for pressure injury staging from Yonsei University College of Nursing
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Article History
Received: 23 August 2025
Accepted: 22 June 2026
First Online: 2 July 2026
Declarations
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: All MIMIC-IV data were de-identified and approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA) and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. One researcher (Y.K.) received ethics training and obtained authorized access to the database (certificate No. 56165614). In compliance with the PhysioNet Credentialed Data Use Agreement, we utilized Microsoft Azure OpenAI to prevent third-party data exposure. Regarding clinical validity evaluation, the study obtained IRB approval from the Yonsei University Health System (No. 4-2023-1542), and all procedures followed IRB guidelines to protect participants’ privacy. Informed consent was obtained from all ICU nurses prior to their participation in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
