Document is current

Article History

Received: 16 July 2025

Accepted: 29 June 2026

First Online: 15 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (IRC) of Dow University of Health Sciences (Reference Number: DUHS/DIONAM/2022/18–35; dated 28th December 2022). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection. Participation was entirely voluntary, and confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the study.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.

Author information: Abdullah Khan is a Nursing Instructor at College of Nursing (female) Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan, and was an MSN student at the Institute of Nursing & Midwifery, Dow University of Health Sciences during the time of the study.

AI use: No AI tools, including large language models (LLMs), are listed as authors. Any AI assistance was limited to language editing and is disclosed in the Methods section, in accordance with BMC Nursing’s policy.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.