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Article History

Received: 13 May 2026

Accepted: 30 June 2026

First Online: 9 July 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in full accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from two institutions. The University of Edinburgh School of Health in Social Science Ethics Committee (Reference No. nurs50) approved the study as the lead researcher’s doctoral training institution, and the Institutional Review Board of the General Directorate of Health Affairs, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia (Registration No. H-07-TU-077) provided local site approval for data collection. The Tabuk IRB is identified as the primary approving institution for the conduct of data collection in-country, with the Edinburgh committee providing institutional oversight of the doctoral research. All participants provided written informed consent prior to data collection. To ensure confidentiality, pseudonyms were assigned to participants, and all data were securely stored in password-protected files accessible only to the research team.

: All participants consented that their anonymised information could be used in scientific publications.

: The authors declare no competing interests.