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Article History

Received: 6 March 2026

Accepted: 6 August 2026

First Online: 17 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved from the Artvin Çoruh University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee (E-18457941-050.99-54354/04.07.2022–54354). Institutional permissions were obtained from the Health Directorate of a province in Turkey (E-17720518-602.04.01-208607524) and the Rectorate of a University (E-76878310-903.07.01-537) to conduct the data collection phase. Since participation in the study was voluntary, written and verbal consent was obtained from the participants. The study complied with the ethical principles outlined in the revised Declaration of Helsinki, which serves as an internationally recognized framework governing the ethical conduct of medical research involving human participants. Prior to participation, all study participants received detailed written information regarding the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. They were required to sign informed consent forms, ensuring their participation decision was entirely voluntary and well-informed. Additionally, participants were explicitly reminded of their right to withdraw from the study without facing negative consequences, reinforcing their autonomy and welfare throughout the research process.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.