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Authors
Xu, Mengjiao
Qi, Hongwei
Liu, Xueying
Zúñiga, Franziska
Pan, Yutong
Song, Yuting
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Natural Science Foundation of China (72304159)
the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2023QG108)
the Emerging Scholar Innovation Team Program of Shandong Provincial Education Department (2022RWO34)
the National Postdoctoral Management Committee (2022M721753)
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Article History
Received: 9 June 2026
Accepted: 2 September 2026
First Online: 7 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical College of Qingdao University (Approval No. QDU-HEC-2023025) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent before participation, including consent to audio recording of the think-aloud sessions and interviews. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed that their responses would not affect their employment or workplace relationships. Individual Q-sorts, recordings, transcripts, and interview responses were not shared with facility managers. Electronic research data were de-identified and stored on an encrypted hard drive, with access restricted to authorized members of the research team. Paper consent forms were stored separately in a locked filing cabinet. All study materials will be retained for three years, after which electronic data will be securely deleted and paper documents will be shredded.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
