Document is current

Article History

Received: 12 March 2026

Accepted: 7 October 2026

First Online: 9 October 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (initial approval No. K2024138). Prior to data collection, all participating nurses were provided with a detailed explanation of the study procedures and purpose. They were explicitly informed that their participation was entirely voluntary, and they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Anonymity and strict confidentiality of all personal data were guaranteed. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant after a comprehensive explanation and expression of gratitude for their voluntary involvement.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.