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Funding for this research was provided by:
Michigan Department of Health and Human Services
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Article History
Received: 29 August 2018
Accepted: 21 February 2019
First Online: 4 March 2019
Ethics approval and consent to participate
: The Michigan Hospital Inpatient Database (MIDB) consists of routinely collected information on patients’ hospital discharges for billing purposes. The patients provided written consent for their information to be stored in the hospital database. All identifiable patient information was removed from the MIDB prior for use in this research. The participants therefore, did not provide their written or verbal informed consent to participate in this study. Written consent was not obtained because identifiable information on patients was not available in the MIBD data used in this research. The Michigan State University Internal Review Board Ethics Committee approved this consent procedure and determined the use of the de-identifiable MIDB data exempt for use in this research (IRB #07–362– April 23, 2012).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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