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Article History

Received: 19 September 2017

Accepted: 18 March 2019

First Online: 25 March 2019

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: The study was conducted under a collaborative contract with Premier, Inc. regarding protection of privacy of hospitals and other providers, which permits the linking of hospital data. For use of Premier data, the Yale University Human Investigation Committee exempted this study protocol as defined by the Office of Human Research Protections because data was de-identified. For CMS data, institutional review board approval, including waiver of the requirement of participant informed consent, was provided by the Yale University Human Investigation Committee.

: Not applicable.

: Dr. Krumholz is a recipient of research agreements from Medtronic and Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), through Yale, to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing; was the recipient of a grant from Medtronic and the Food and Drug Administration, through Yale, to develop methods for post-market surveillance of medical devices; received payment from the Arnold & Porter Law Firm for work related to the Sanofi clopidogrel litigation and from the Ben C. Martin Law Firm for work related to the Cook IVC filter litigation; chairs a cardiac scientific advisory board for UnitedHealth; is a participant/participant representative of the IBM Watson Health Life Sciences Board; is a member of the Advisory Boards for Element Science and for Facebook, and the Physician Advisory Board for Aetna; and is the founder of Hugo, a personal health information platform. Drs. Krumholz, Li, Xu, and Desai work under contract to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to develop and maintain performance measures that are publicly reported. Dr. Lagu has received consulting fees from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement for her input on a project to help health systems achieve disability competence. The other authors do not have disclosures to report.

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