Document is current

Article History

Received: 15 November 2018

Accepted: 2 May 2019

First Online: 14 May 2019

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: No ethical approval was needed because anonymised secondary data archived by the DHS program was analysed. Prior to data collection in respective countries, the DHS program and country partners sought ethical approval from relevant authorities. DHS questionnaires and protocols are reviewed by the ICF Institutional Review Board [CitationRef removed] to ensure compliance with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations for the protection of human subjects (45 CFR 46). In addition, informed consent was taken before respondents were interviewed. No identifying information was collected during fieldwork; neither did the processed data contain items of information that could compromise privacy and confidentiality of survey participants. Formal approval to analyse the data was granted by the DHS program.

: Not applicable

: Authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.