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Article History

Received: 2 March 2020

Accepted: 29 July 2020

First Online: 10 August 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: The Human Investigation Committee at Yale University approved an exemption for this study to use CMS claims and enrollment data and waived the requirement for informed consent because the research involved no more than minimal risk and could not be practicably carried out without the waiver.

: Not applicable.

: This work was primarily completed under contract to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Authors Li, Wang, Herrin, Lin, Bernheim, Krumholz, and Suter continue to be supported under contract to CMS.Dr. Krumholz was a recipient of a research grant, through Yale, from Medtronic and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to develop methods for post-market surveillance of medical devices; is a recipient of research agreements with Medtronic and Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), through Yale, to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing; works under contract with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to develop and maintain performance measures that are publicly reported; chairs a Cardiac Scientific Advisory Board for UnitedHealth; is a participant/participant representative of the IBM Watson Health Life Sciences Board; is a member of the Advisory Board for Element Science and the Physician Advisory Board for Aetna; and is the founder of Hugo, a personal health information platform.