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Article History

Received: 21 June 2020

Accepted: 23 November 2020

First Online: 4 December 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Human subjects approval for this study was received from the Human Research Protection Program Committee on Human Research of the University of California, San Francisco (IRB# 15–18008, ref. 176940; 11/09/2016). Designated approval was received from Population Services International (OHRB Federalwide Assurance (FWA) #0009154)). Formative research was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Public Health Foundation of India (TRC-IEC-276/15; May 2, 2016). The Institutional Ethics Committee of the Public Health Foundation of India is registered by the Drug Controller General of India under the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, Government of India. Literacy among women in Uttar Pradesh was 57% at the last census in 2011 and lowest in the most disadvanged economic, caste, and ethnic groups. To assure inclusion of all respondents, and in light of the low risk to participating women, all IRBs approved verbal consent for participation in the study as described in detail according to the following process. All study participants were read an informed consent form in their language of choice, and prior to enrollment their agreement was confirmed either by respondent signature, respondent marking “x”, or the researcher marking “yes” on a mobile survey device for respondents not able to sign their names. Particpants were give a paper copy of the consent form. No participants under 18 years old were accepted into the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.