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Article History

Received: 26 February 2021

Accepted: 9 August 2021

First Online: 6 September 2021

Declarations

:

: The NDHS (data source 1) received ethical approval from the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria and the ICF Institutional Review Board; informed consent was obtained from all survey participants [CitationRef removed]. As the Lagos State study (data source 2) involved facilities under various jurisdictions, we were required to obtain ethical and management approval from multiple sources. We obtained ethical approval for the study from the Research and Ethics Committees of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LREC/06/10/1226) and the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (ADM/DCST/HREC/APP/2880). Social approval for the study was received from the Lagos State Government (LSHSC/2222/VOLII/107). For the UBTH study (data source 3), the ethical review committees of University of Benin Teach Hospital (ADM/E 22/A/VOL VII/14581) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (ref: 15480) approved our study. Consent for data extraction of UBTH patient case notes was obtained from the head of the UBTH Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. As documented for the NDHS and in those in which we collected data ourselves, privacy and confidentiality of all women were maintained.All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.