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Article History

Received: 5 July 2021

Accepted: 14 December 2021

First Online: 4 January 2022

Declarations

:

: The China Social Survey (CSS) is approved by the Institute of Sociology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. All participants were informed about the research questions and study objectives and written informed consents were obtained from all respondents. Because we use second-hand data from the CSS, the ethics committee of Peking University requires no formal ethics approval for this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.