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Article History

Received: 4 July 2023

Accepted: 18 November 2024

First Online: 26 November 2024

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Studies were approved by the below ethics committees (EE) or institutional review boards (IRB):<b>CRYO-FIRST</b><b>STOP-AF FIRST </b><b>EARLY-AF</b>The IRB approval was obtained from each of the participating sites: University of British Columbia, Royal Jubilee Hospital, University of Alberta, University of Saskatchewan, University of Manitoba, University of Western Ontario, McMaster University, University of Ottawa, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montreal, Sherbrooke University, Université de Laval, Dalhousie University, Rouge Valley Hospital, University of Toronto, Southlake Hospital.All studies were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, more specifically,<b>STOP AF FIRST:</b>• Principles of Declaration of Helsinki (including privacy and data protection laws), or the laws and regulations of each participating country, whichever affords greater protection for the study subjects.• 21 CFR Part 11 (Electronic Records, Electronic Signatures)• 21 CFR Part 54 (Financial Disclosure by Clinical Investigators)<b>CRYO-FIRST:</b>• Declaration of Helsinki,• The international standard ISO 14155: 2011<b>EARLY-AF</b>• Principles of Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of HelsinkiInformed consent was obtained from all study participants.

: Not applicable.

: MK reports honoraria for teaching, participation in clinical trials, proctoring and lectures/presentations from Medtronic. LH, JM, SM, TB, EL, DL report being employees of a consultancy company and to have undertaken the work in this manuscript as part of a wider consulting agreement. FS reports received honoraria for lectures from Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Philips, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, and Astra Zeneca outside the submitted work. JA reports grants and personal fees from Medtronic, grants from Baylis, personal fees from Biosense-Webster. OW reports grants from Medtronic and personal fees from Biosense Webster and Boston Scientific. GBC reports compensation for teaching purposes and proctoring from Medtronic, Abbott, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, and Acutus Medical. LS, EI, AS report being employees and stockholders of Medtronic. AG reports EU Grant Horizon 2020 MAESTRIA Consortium; grant number 965286. Speaker fees from Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Bayer Health Care, Berlin Chemie, Biotronik, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS/Pfizer, Boston Scientific, Daiichi-Sankyo, Medtronic, Omeicos, and Sanofi-Aventis.