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Article History

Received: 14 July 2024

Accepted: 23 April 2025

First Online: 4 June 2025

Declarations

:

: The study adhered to the ethical principles required in research, as enshrined in the Declaration of Helsinki, to protect human participants’ rights, safety and well-being. Since this study was part of a Phd dissertation at the Open University Malaysia (OUM)/Accra Institute of Technology (AIT), ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Open University Malaysia (OUM)/Accra Institute of Technology (AIT). Informed consent was obtained from all participants targeted and approached for this study. Comprehensive information was provided regarding the study’s objectives, purpose, procedures, risks and benefits. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity were assured, as no personal information (such as names and ages of participants) was taken. Participants were encouraged to contact the principal investigator for further clarification.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.