Document is current

Article History

Received: 23 September 2024

Accepted: 24 April 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted as part of a PhD research project approved by the Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at School of Computing, College of Arts and Science, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia during the proposal defense process. According to the institutional guidelines at the time of the study, formal ethical approval was not required for this type of research involving licensed professionals. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study and provided their informed consent electronically before participating in the online survey. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to all relevant national and institutional guidelines.Also, since this study was analytical in nature, it was exempted from Ethical Committee approval; respondents’ written consents were obtained, and their data were processed anonymously per General Data Protection Regulation guidelines (GDPR). Based on guidelines from the Washington University Human Research Protection Office (HRPO), this project does not involve activities subject to Institutional Review Board (IRB) oversight [].

: Consent for publication was obtained from all participants as part of the informed consent process. Participants were assured that their responses would be used solely for research purposes and that their identities would remain confidential in any publications resulting from the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.