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Authors
Hu, Guoheng
Li, Ying
Zhao, Haining
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation Youth Project (G2023203015, G2023203015, G2023203015)
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Article History
Received: 21 March 2025
Accepted: 21 May 2025
First Online: 30 May 2025
Declarations
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: This study is based on administrative data from the medical insurance settlement platform of H Province, China. All data were fully anonymized and de-identified before being accessed by researchers, ensuring that no personally identifiable information was included. According to the relevant provisions of the “Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China”, the “Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China”, and the “Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects”, research using anonymized administrative data does not involve the direct recruitment of human participants and therefore does not require ethical approval or informed consent. Furthermore, this study complies with the principles of the “Declaration of Helsinki”.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
