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Article History

Received: 20 July 2024

Accepted: 7 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a large-scale interdisciplinary project jointly executed by Wuhan University and Peking University. CHARLS has received support from Peking University, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Behavioral and Social Research Division of the National Institute on Aging, and the World Bank. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: No applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.