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Article History

Received: 16 January 2025

Accepted: 10 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and ethical approval for the study was obtained from the relevant national institutional review boards (IRBs) in each of the six countries. They were (1) DRC (REF: 445/CNES/BN/PMMF/2023 from Ministry of Health/National Ethical Committee for Health); (2) Guinea (REF: 001/CNERS/23 from MoH/National Ethical Committee for Health and Research); (3) Cote d’Ivoire (REF: 124 − 23/MSHPCMU/CNFSVS-KM from the Ministry of Health/National Ethical Committee for Science, Lives, and Health); (4) Kenya (REF: KLF/DOH/RESEARCH/Vol.1/040 from Ministry of Health/Department of Health Services); (5) Mali (REF: 01/2023/CE-INSP from Ministry of Health/National Ethical Committee from National Institute for Public Health); and (6) Niger (REF: 43/2023/CNERS from MoH/National Ethical Committee for Research in Health). Informed consent was obtained from all participating CHWs before the interviews.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.