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Article History

Received: 27 April 2025

Accepted: 17 June 2025

First Online: 2 July 2025

Declarations

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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Nanjing Medical University (Approval Year: 2015; Reference Number: #300). All participants received written information explaining the aim of the study, emphasizing that participation was voluntary, and that they could withdraw at any time and for any reason without any consequences. Participants in the intervention area were informed that they would receive additional diabetes-related services beyond the standard care, while those in the control areas were informed that no changes would be made to their usual diabetes services. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. Data collection was conducted by a trained research team from Nanjing Medical University. To ensure participant confidentiality, all analyses were performed at the group level, and no individual-level data can be traced back to any participant.This study strictly adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All procedures prioritized participant rights, safety, and well-being, with confidentiality rigorously maintained throughout data collection and analysis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.