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Authors
Qeadan, Fares
Nicolson, Alexander
Tingey, Benjamin
Moffett, Maurice L.
Azagba, Sunday
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Article History
Received: 11 August 2023
Accepted: 20 June 2025
First Online: 4 July 2025
Declarations
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: Given the retrospective nature of this study and the use of de-identified data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval and informed consent were not required. The need for consent to participate was deemed unnecessary according to U.S. federal regulations at 45 CFR 46.104(d)(4), which exempts research involving secondary analysis of de-identified data. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and national and institutional guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
