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Authors
Rutstein, Sarah E.
Lucas, Valerie A.
Hosseinipour, Mina C.
Herce, Michael E.
Edwards, Jessie
Cassidy, Caitlin
Villiera, Jimmy
Kamanga, Funny
Chagomerana, Maganizo
van Oosterhout, Joep J.
Chikuse, Elijah
Rambiki, Ethel
Thawani, Agness
Malewezi, Bridget
Makhupula, Lazola
Udedi, Clement
Mbulaje, Patrick
Matoga, Mitch
Kumwenda, Wiza
Mvalo, Tisungane
Bula, Agatha
Nkhalamba, Lovemore
Mofolo, Innocent
Chinula, Lameck
Thonyiwa, Virginia
Kumwenda, Owen
Chisema, Mike Nenani
Hoffman, Irving F.
Miller, William C.
Go, Vivian F.
Pence, Brian
Squibb, Madeleine A.
Saidi, Friday
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (5P01HD112215, 5P01HD112215, 5P01HD112215, 5P01HD112215, 5P01HD112215)
Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (2020143)
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Article History
Received: 20 December 2024
Accepted: 30 June 2025
First Online: 19 August 2025
Declarations
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: Persons responding to all study-specific surveys, offering perspectives via in-depth interviews, and/or providing specimens for collection via dried blood spots will complete informed consent procedures prior to participation. All study activities have been reviewed and approved for implementation by local Malawi National Health Science Research Committee and the University of North Carolina institutional review boards.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
