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Authors
Zaleski, Amanda L.
Guan, Xinbei
Thomas Craig, Kelly J.
Junk, Christopher
McGill, Arthur T.
Gordon, Henry
Verbrugge, Dorothea J.
Caya, Kristofer
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
CVS Health Corporation
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Article History
Received: 16 July 2024
Accepted: 2 July 2025
First Online: 29 July 2025
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and determined to be exempt by the Sterling Institutional Review Board (#11260) under 45 CFR 46.104(d)(4). Consent to participate was waived by the Institutional Review Board as the study involved administrative review of deidentified records and no interaction with participants and no direct impact on participant’s rights, welfare, or clinical care. In addition, a waiver of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act authorization for the use and disclosure of aggregated, deidentified member data was obtained.
: Not applicable.
: All authors are employees of CVS Health® Corporation. ALZ, KJTC, CJ, DV, and KC own stock and/or equity with CVS Health Corporation. There are no additional conflicts germane to this study.
