Updates are available Correction dated 2025-08-20

Article History

Received: 26 November 2024

Accepted: 3 July 2025

First Online: 26 July 2025

Change Date: 20 August 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-13357-6

Declarations

:

: The survey conducted in this study was evaluated against the Ethical Checklist provided by Bocconi University’s Ethics Committee. Based on this assessment, the research did not involve any of the categories requiring formal ethical approval. Specifically, the study did not include vulnerable groups, such as minors, psychologically vulnerable individuals, or those with precarious socio-economic status, nor did it involve groups requiring gatekeeper permissions, or interventions potentially influencing participants’ real-life behaviors or vested interests. Furthermore, the research did not address sensitive topics such as sexual habits, discrimination, or criminal activity, nor did it intrude on private spheres, focus on deviance or sacred issues, or touch on personal experiences participants might find distressing. No concerns were identified regarding the safety of researchers or participants, the potential for psychological stress or humiliation, or the appropriateness of compensation practices. The study also did not involve invasive procedures, animal experimentation, or impacts on the natural environment. Additionally, there was no deception likely to cause discomfort or harm to participants, nor any inability to debrief them adequately. Finally, the study ensured GDPR compliance, data anonymity, confidentiality, and proper consent for data collection, storage, and processing, without necessitating a Data Protection Impact Assessment. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all participants in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.