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Article History

Received: 10 January 2025

Accepted: 10 July 2025

First Online: 20 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this research project was granted by both the Dublin City University Research Ethics Committee (DCU REC) and the participating hospital’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) pending a consent waiver from the Health Research Consent Declaration Committee (HRCDC), a national committee established as part of the Health Research Regulations made under the Data Protection Act, 2018. The waiver was obtained in June 2023, at which point the hospital’s IRB granted full ethical approval for the research to be conducted, waiving the need for informed consent from the patients included in the research study to review their clinical charts. As a condition of the HRCDC consent waiver, patient information posters regarding the chart review were distributed around the participating hospital to inform the public and possible participants of the processing of their data and to provide study withdrawal information.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: ADoN Assistant director of nursing.AE Adverse event.AI Artificial intelligence.CI Confidence interval.F2M Failure to maintain.HADx Hospital acquired diagnosis.HIPE Hospital inpatient enquiry scheme.ICD-10-AM International classification of diseases, 10th revision, Australian modification.NLP Natural language processing.NPV Negative predictive value.PPV Positive predictive value.UTI Urinary tract tnfection.