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Authors
Chung, Stephanie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2383-0512
Tumlinson, Katherine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8314-8219
Bullington, Brooke W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3341-087X
Goland, Emilia https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7407-4298
Onyango, Dickens Otieno https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1634-0531
Senderowicz, Leigh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-1473
Mwanyiro, Abigael
Wekesa, Ben
Frizzelle, Brian
Golub, Ginger
Rothschild, Claire W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2419-9881
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32 HD052468, R01HD101453)
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Article History
Received: 25 April 2025
Accepted: 22 July 2025
First Online: 30 August 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical review and approval for this study was provided by The Maseno University Ethics Review Committee (Reference number: MSU/DRP/MUERC/01054/22) in Kisumu, Kenya and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Study number: 21-2217). As our study involved data collection with human subjects, our study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. For the women’s questionnaire, informed consent was obtained by trained female enumerators after they explained the study and before they administered the structured questionnaire. For the mystery clients, informed consent was not obtained from individual providers to avoid alerting providers to the data collection activities, but consent was obtained from the facility directors. The county Department of Health granted permission to access health facilities and conduct this research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
