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Article History

Received: 10 April 2025

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 1 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study uses publicly available macro-statistical data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China, which has been anonymized and aggregated by region and industry. As the data does not contain any personally identifiable information or sensitive business data, and is in accordance with national regulations, ethics approval and participant consent are not required. The use of such publicly available, anonymized data exempts the study from further ethical review and the need for informed consent, in compliance with national regulations.

: The authors declare no competing interests.