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Authors
Zaleski, Amanda L.
Craig, Kelly J. Thomas
Khan, Raiha
Waber, Rebecca
Xin, Wei
Powers, Makia
Ramey, Una
Verbrugge, Dorothea J.
Fernandez-Turner, Deborah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
CVS Health
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Article History
Received: 5 October 2024
Accepted: 23 July 2025
First Online: 9 August 2025
Declarations
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: An external Institutional Review Board (protocol #11529) reviewed and determined this study as exempt pursuant to the terms of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service’s Policy for the Protection of Human Research Subjects at 45 CFR 46.104(d)(4). The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. A waiver of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act authorization was obtained for the use and disclosure of aggregated, de-identified member data. No compensation was provided. A Waiver of Informed Consent was obtained prior to research activity due to nature of this research. This study involved retrospective administrative record review of real-world data, therefore, there was no access to participants or opportunity to seek informed consent. The study was of no greater than minimal risk and has no direct impact on participant’s rights, welfare, or clinical care.
: All authors are employees of CVS Health® Corporation. ALZ, KJTC, DV, RW, MP, RK, WX, UR, and DFT may own stock and/or equity with CVS Health Corporation. The authors have no additional conflicts germane to this study.
