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Article History

Received: 14 February 2025

Accepted: 7 August 2025

First Online: 6 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was reviewed and approved by the Institution Review Board (IRB) of the Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum (ID number: COMMED 2024–95-34). Permission was obtained from the medical director of Atbara Teaching Hospital to conduct the research. Informed verbal and written consent was obtained from each participant. As the study involved human participants, it was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.