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Article History

Received: 25 May 2025

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST) and the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), with approval license numbers ERC/5/24 − 06 and NACOSTI/P/23/25192, respectively. Additional approvals were obtained from the county government of Kisumu, and individual informed consent was signed by each PHC worker and FGD participant before data collection began. During the informed consent process, interviewers emphasized the voluntary nature of the study, ensuring participants understood the risks and benefits and were willing to participate. We confirm that all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki, adhering to the approved protocol.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.