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Article History

Received: 24 June 2024

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 3 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study used fully de-identified, publicly available data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). As secondary research with publicly available, non-identifiable information, it qualified for exemption under Category 4(ii) of the Common Rule (45 CFR 46.104 (d)). Therefore, the Institutional Review Board determined that formal review and individual informed consent were not required.

: Not applicable.

: Dr McManus has received research support from Bristol Myers Squibb-Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Fitbit, and has received consulting fees from Fitbit, Heart Rhythm Society, Avania, Venturewell, and NAMSA.