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Article History

Received: 16 August 2024

Accepted: 20 August 2025

First Online: 7 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This is a secondary analysis using Health and Retirement Study (HRS) linked to CMS Medicare claims data. In accordance with the Code of Federal Regulations (45 CFR 46), this analysis was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Brown University. The principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were respected through IRB review and the protection of participant confidentiality. All HRS participants provide informed consent. HRS is conducted under the University of Michigan Health Sciences/Behavioral Sciences IRB Protocol HUM00061128; and associated protocols HUM00056464, HUM00002562, HUM00074501, HUM00079949, HUM00080925, HUM00085942, HUM00099822, HUM00103072, HUM00106904, HUM00122335, REP00000046.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.