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Article History

Received: 31 May 2025

Accepted: 20 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not require formal ethics approval, as it did not involve the collection of patient data, sensitive information, or any information allowing the identification of individuals. Only anonymous and objective information on organizational practices was collected from the Directors of the participating Departments of Mental Health. In accordance with Italian data protection legislation (Legislative Decree No. 196/2003, “Data Protection Code,” as amended by Legislative Decree No. 101/2018), research of this nature does not require submission to or approval by an ethics committee or institutional review board. As the study did not constitute biomedical research on human subjects, adherence to the Declaration of Helsinki was not applicable. Similarly, no formal written informed consent was required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.